Niel Brandt's Astronomy 485 Lectures
Lecture 01: Photons and Particles, Units, Early X-ray Astronomy History, X-ray Absorption
Audio recording (mp3)
Overhead 01 (jpg) - X-ray spectrum of the Circinus Galaxy from the ASCA satellite
Overhead 02 (jpg) - The Milky Way surveyed with rocket-borne proportional counters
Overhead 03 (jpg) - Atmospheric transmission as a function of wavelength
Overhead 04 (jpg) - Relative abundances of the elements
Lecture 02: X-ray Absorption, Column Density, Absorption Edges, Fluorescent Lines, Auger Effect
Audio recording (mp3)
Overhead 01 (pdf) - Iron K absorption edge for neutral iron at 7.1 keV
Overhead 02 (pdf) - Oxygen absorption edges as seen by ASCA in the Seyfert active galaxy NGC 3783
Overhead 03 (jpg) - X-ray absorption by different column densities
Overhead 04 (jpg) - The absorption cross section for interstellar gas with typical cosmic abundances
Bonus overhead 01 (PDF) - X-ray absorption by different column densities
Bonus overhead 02 (PDF) - Transition between optically thin and optically thick for a range of column densities
Lecture 03: Radiation from a Hot Plasma, Bremsstrahlung
Audio recording (mp3)
Overhead 01 (gif) - X-ray radiation from the Virgo Cluster as seen by ROSAT
Overhead 02 (pdf) - A 2 keV bremsstrahlung spectrum
Overhead 03 (pdf) - A 2 keV blackbody spectrum
Lecture 04: Bremsstrahlung, Free-Free Absorption, Radiative Recombination, Dielectronic Recombination, Three-Body Recombination
Audio recording (mp3)
Overhead 01 (jpg) - Total recombination rate coefficients for recombination to O VI
Lecture 05: Collisional Excitation of Line Emission, Power from Radiation Processes Compared, Cyclotron Radiation, Synchrotron Radiation
Audio recording (mp3)
Overhead 01 (pdf) - Radiation from a 0.4 keV plasma with solar abundance
Overhead 02 (pdf) - Radiation from a 2.0 keV plasma with solar abundance
Overhead 03 (jpg) - Relative power from bremsstrahlung, lines, radiative recombination
Overhead 04 (jpg) - Helical motion of an electron in a magnetic field
Overhead 05 (gif) - The Crab Nebula in optical light
Overhead 06 (jpg) - The Crab Nebula as seen by the Chandra X-ray Observatory
Lecture 06: Synchrotron Radiation, Thomson Scattering, Compton Scattering
Audio recording (mp3)
Overhead 01 (jpg) - Synchrotron polarization and the headlight effect
Overhead 02 (jpg) - Polarization by electron scattering
Lecture 07: Compton Scattering, Thomson Depth, Inverse Compton Scattering, S-Z Effect, Eddington Limit
Audio recording (mp3)
Overhead 01 (jpg) - Broad-band X-ray spectrum of a Seyfert active galaxy
Overhead 02 (jpg) - Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect spectral shift
Overhead 03 (jpg) - Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect map
Overhead 04 (jpg) - Comparison of the Eddington limit with observations
Lecture 08: Strong Shocks, Rankine-Huginiot Jump Conditions, Fermi Acceleration, Pair Production
Audio recording (mp3)
Overhead 01 (jpg) - Tycho's supernova remnant seen in X-rays
Overhead 02 (jpg) - Supernova 1987A ring being shocked
Overhead 03 (jpg) - X-ray spectral evidence for particle acceleration in the supernova remnant SN1006
Overhead 04 (jpg) - The radio galaxy 3C353 - Shocks larger than a galaxy
Overhead 05 (jpg) - Photon absorption in lead by photoelectric absorption, Compton scattering, and pair production
Overhead 06 (jpg) - Photon-photon cross section for pair production
Overhead 07 (jpg) - The density-temperature regime for nonrelativistic plasma
Link 01 - Explanation of overhead 02
Link 02 - Explanation of overhead 03
Link 03 - Explanation of overhead 04
Lecture 09: Basic Satellite Properties, Proportional Counters, X-ray Imaging Optics
Audio recording (mp3)
Overhead 01 (jpg) - Earth's magnetosphere
Overhead 02 (jpg) - The South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA)
Overhead 03 (gif) - X-ray reflection efficiency for different metals
Link 01 - High-energy astrophysics satellites and data
Lecture 10: X-ray Imaging Optics, Position Sensitive Proportional Counters, Microchannel Plates, CCDs, Gratings, Microcalorimeters
Audio recording (mp3)
Overhead 01 (jpg) - X-ray imaging telescope
Overhead 02 (jpg) - Chandra Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer (ACIS) photo
Overhead 03 (gif) - Chandra ACIS schematic
Overhead 04 (jpg) - Supernova remnants observed with proportional counters versus CCDs
Overhead 05 (jpg) - Event grades for the CCD X-ray detectors on ASCA
Overhead 06 (jpg) - Chandra High-Energy Transmission Grating Spectrometer (HETGS)
Overhead 07 (gif) - Spectrum of the Seyfert 1 galaxy NGC 3783 made with the Chandra HETGS
Link 01 - Chandra ACIS home page
Link 02 - Chandra HETGS home page
Lecture 11: Format of X-ray Data, Chisquared Fitting of X-ray Spectra, Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory, Solar System X-ray Sources
Audio recording (mp3)
Overhead 01 (jpg) - X-ray spectral fitting of NGC 3783 - Data and fitted model
Overhead 02 (jpg) - X-ray spectral fitting of NGC 3783 - Input model
Overhead 03 (jpg) - X-ray spectral fitting of NGC 3783 - Part of response matrix
Overhead 04 (gif) - The Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory with instruments labeled
Overhead 05 (gif) - The EGRET instrument on the Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory
Link 01 - XSPEC - An X-ray spectral fitting package
Link 02 - The Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory
Link 03 - The Lay of the Gamma-Ray Astronomer
Lecture 12: Solar System X-ray Sources, X-rays from the Solar Corona, Coronal X-rays from Normal Stars
Audio recording (mp3)
Overhead 01 (pdf) - ROSAT image of X-rays from the Moon
Overhead 02 (pdf) - EGRET image of high-energy gamma-rays from the Moon
Overhead 03 (pdf) - Chandra images of Jupiter, Mars, Venus
Overhead 04 (pdf) - X-rays from Comet Hyakutake
Overhead 05 (gif) - Yokoh Solar Observatory X-ray image of a solar flare
Overhead 06 (jpg) - Some examples of flares from stars
Overhead 07 (jpg) - Relation of stellar X-ray emission to age and rotation
Link 01 - Review of X-ray emission from Solar System objects
Link 02 - Chandra results on Solar System objects
Link 03 - Results from the Yokoh Solar Observatory
Lecture 13: Coronal X-rays from Normal Stars, Wind X-rays from Massive Stars, Supernovae, Time Evolution of Supernova Remnants
Audio recording (mp3)
Overhead 01 (jpg) - Basic properties of RS CVn stars
Overhead 02 (jpg) - A model for RS CVn stars
Overhead 03 (pdf) - NGC 2359 - A bubble blown by the wind from a massive star
Overhead 04 (jpg) - The cosmic cooling curve
Link 01 - Surprising recent findings about the X-ray emission from massive stars
Link 02 - Some recent results on massive star bubbles and superbubbles
Lecture 14: Sedov-Taylor Expansion, Supernova Remnant Examples, Supernova Remnant X-ray Spectra, Supernova Demography, Supernova 1987a, Plerions
Audio recording (mp3)
Overhead 01 (pdf) - ROSAT X-ray image of Tycho's supernova remnant
Overhead 02 (pdf) - ROSAT X-ray image of the Vela supernova remnant with shrapnel
Overhead 03 (pdf) - Chandra X-ray image of the Cas A supernova remnant
Overhead 04 (jpg) - ASCA X-ray spectrum of the Cas A supernova remnant
Overhead 05 (jpg) - Optical image of Supernova 1987a
Overhead 06 (jpg) - Optical light curve of Supernova 1987a
Overhead 07 (jpg) - Gamma-ray lines from radioactive cobalt in Supernova 1987a
Link 01 - The movie Doctor Strangelove
Link 02 - ROSAT X-ray images of supernova remnants
Link 03 - Chandra and Hubble movies of the Crab Nebula
Lecture 15: S process, R process, Sites of Nucleosynthesis, White Dwarf Basics, White Dwarf Surveys, White Dwarf Mass-Radius Relation
Audio recording (mp3)
Overhead 01 (jpg) - The valley of beta decay stability
Overhead 02 (gif) - COMPTEL map of the Galaxy at 1.8 MeV
Overhead 03 (pdf) - The white dwarf mass-radius relation
Lecture 16: Chandrasekhar Mass, Gravitational Fine Structure Constant, White Dwarf Cooling, Cataclysmic Variables, Common Envelope Evolution, Neutron Star Basics
Audio recording (mp3)
Overhead 01 (jpg) - The white dwarf mass-radius relation with the Chandrasekhar mass
Overhead 02 (jpg) - Cooling white dwarfs
Overhead 03 (jpg) - Accretion-disk geometry for a binary system
Overhead 04 (jpg) - Emission lines from a dwarf nova disk
Overhead 05 (jpg) - Cataclysmic variable disk variability
Overhead 06 (jpg) - Polars and intermediate polars
Lecture 17: Beta-Decay Blocking, Neutronization, Neutron Star Maximum Mass, NS Internal Structure, NS Cooling, NS Kicks, NS Magnetic Fields, Pulsar Basics
Audio recording (mp3)
Overhead 01 (jpg) - Neutron star structure
Overhead 02 (jpg) - Neutron star cooling
Overhead 03 (jpg) - The high space velocities of young pulsars
Overhead 04 (jpg) - Pulsar period distribution and Vela Pulsar glitch
Link 01 - Virtual trips to neutron stars and black holes
Link 02 - An update on neutron star cooling
Link 03 - An update on neutron star kicks
Link 04 - ATNF pulsar catalog
Lecture 18: Pulsar Braking Index, Magnetic Dipole Model, Pulsar Ages, Pulsar Magnetic Field Strengths, Pulsar Glitches, Pulsar Masses, The "Lack" of Pulsars in Supernova Remnants, Pulsars in Binaries
Audio recording (mp3)
Overhead 01 (jpg) - The pulsar period vs. period derivative diagram
Overhead 02 (jpg) - The pulsar period vs. surface magnetic field diagram
Overhead 03 (jpg) - Neutron star masses from pulsar observations
Overhead 04 (jpg) - Neutron star masses from X-ray binaries and radio pulsars
Link 01 - Some recent observations of pulsar glitches
Link 02 - Masses of radio pulsars
Link 03 - Some evidence for heavy neutron stars
Link 04 - Detailed discussion of associations between pulsars and supernova remnants
Link 05 - Princeton pulsar group
Lecture 19: The Binary Pulsar, Gravitational Wave Radiation, High-Mass X-ray Binaries, Bondi-Hoyle Accretion, X-ray Pulsars, Low-Mass X-ray Binaries, X-ray Bursts, Dippers and
Accretion Disk Corona Sources, Quasi-Periodic Oscillations
Audio recording (mp3)
Overhead 01 (jpg) - The binary pulsar - basic system properties
Overhead 02 (jpg) - Gravitational wave radiation from the binary pulsar
Overhead 03 (jpg) - LMXBs and HMXBs
Overhead 04 (jpg) - X-ray pulsar geometry and pulses
Overhead 05 (jpg) - Be X-ray binaries
Overhead 06 (jpg) - Example of an X-ray burst
Overhead 07 (jpg) - "Dipper" X-ray binaries
Overhead 08 (jpg) - Quasi-periodic oscillations from the X-ray binary Circinus X-1
Link 01 - Recent study of the binary pulsar
Link 02 - Niel's favorite LMXB
Lecture 20: X-ray Binaries in Globular Clusters, Tidal Capture, Black Hole Binaries, Cygnus X-1, Black Hole X-ray Novae, V404 Cyg, Ellipsoidal Light Curve Variations, The "Pit" in the Potential
Audio recording (mp3)
Overhead 01 (jpg) - The black widow pulsar - schematic
Overhead 02 (jpg) - Eclipse by the companion of the black widow pulsar
Overhead 03 (jpg) - Cygnus X-1 rapid X-ray variability
Overhead 04 (jpg) - An outburst of the black hole X-ray nova A0620-00
Overhead 05 (jpg) - Stellar mass black hole binaries
Overhead 06 (jpg) - Ellipsoidal light curve variations
Overhead 07 (jpg) - Mass estimates for neutron stars and black holes compared
Overhead 08 (jpg) - Brief review of the effective potential
Link 01 - The identification of Cygnus X-1
Link 02 - A review of observations of black holes in our Galaxy
Lecture 21: The "Pit" in the Potential, Observed Black Hole X-ray Spectra, Simple Black Hole Accretion, Relativistic Disk Effects, Accretion Disk Coronae, Advection Dominated Accretion, Trapping Flows
Audio recording (mp3)
Overhead 01 (jpg) - The "pit" in the potential
Overhead 02 (jpg) - X-ray spectra of three Galactic black holes
Overhead 03 (jpg) - Full accretion disk spectrum
Overhead 04 (jpg) - Calculated image of a relativistic disk
Overhead 05 (jpg) - Comparison of two types of accretion flows onto a black hole
Lecture 22: Kerr Black Holes, Microquasars in the Galaxy, SS 433, GRS 1915+105, Apparent Superluminal Motion, The Supermassive Black Hole at the Galactic Center
Audio recording (mp3)
Overhead 01 (gif) - Very Large Array (VLA) images of ejections from GRS 1915+105
Overhead 02 (jpg) - The quasar-microquasar analogy
Overhead 03 (jpg) - X-ray spectrum of SS433 from the ASCA satellite
Overhead 04 (jpg) - Extreme X-ray variability of GRS 1915+105: Sputters and a major lull
Overhead 05 (jpg) - Extreme X-ray variability of GRS 1915+105: Brief flares in prolonged lulls
Overhead 06 (jpg) - Radio, infrared, and X-ray light curves of GRS 1915+105
Overhead 07 (gif) - Stellar proper motions in the Galactic Center
Overhead 08 (jpg) - Velocity dispersion vs. projected distance for stars near the Galactic Center
Link 01 - Amazing X-ray variability of the microquasar GRS 1915+105
Link 02 - A brief technical review of microquasars
Link 03 - High-resolution X-ray grating spectroscopy of SS 433 with Chandra
Link 04 - Stellar motions near the supermassive black hole at the Galactic Center
Link 05 - Rapid X-ray flares from the supermassive black hole at the Galactic Center
Lecture 23: The Supermassive Black Hole at the Galactic Center, X-rays from Spiral Galaxies, "Super-Eddington" Sources, Starbursts and Superwinds, Observational Limits to X-ray Galaxy Studies
Audio recording (mp3)
Overhead 01 (jpg) - Wide-field radio image of the Galactic Center
Overhead 02 (jpg) - Chandra ACIS image of Sgr A*
Overhead 03 (jpg) - Broad-band spectral energy distribution of Sgr A*
Overhead 04 (jpg) - ROSAT image of X-ray sources in M31
Overhead 05 (pdf) - Superwind from the starburst galaxy NGC 253
Overhead 06 (jpg) - Optical image of the starburst galaxy M82
Overhead 07 (jpg) - Chandra image of the starburst galaxy M82
Overhead 08 (jpg) - Image of M82 in the light of the hydrogen-alpha transition
Lecture 24: X-rays from Elliptical Galaxies, Growth and Fueling of Supermassive Black Holes, Jets and Lobes, Seyfert Galaxies and Radio-Quiet Quasars, AGN X-ray Variability, AGN X-ray Spectra
Audio recording (mp3)
Overhead 01 (jpg) - X-ray binaries and hot gas in the elliptical galaxy NGC 4697
Overhead 02 (gif) - X-ray emitting hot gas in the elliptical galaxy M49
Overhead 03 (gif) - Collimated radio jet from M87 seen on a range of size scales
Overhead 04 (gif) - Collimated radio jet from NGC 6251 seen on a range of size scales
Overhead 05 (gif) - The "bent-double" radio galaxy NGC 1265
Overhead 06 (jpg) - Apparent superluminal motion of a radio "blob" fired from the quasar 3C 273
Overhead 07 (jpg) - Optical image of the jet from M87 showing clear Doppler favoritism
Overhead 08 (jpg) - Combined optical and Chandra image showing the jet from Centaurus A
Overhead 09 (jpg) - Chandra image of the jet from the quasar 3C 273
Overhead 10 (jpg) - Broad-band spectral energy distributions of Seyfert galaxies and blazars
Overhead 11 (jpg) - Optical-to-ultraviolet spectrum of a Seyfert galaxy
Overhead 12 (jpg) - Rapid X-ray variability from Seyfert galaxies
Overhead 13 (jpg) - Characteristic X-ray continuum components seen from a Seyfert galaxy
Link 01 - Images of active galactic nuclei
Link 02 - Radio images of radio galaxies and quasars
Link 03 - Radio images of M87
Link 04 - X-ray emission from radio jets
Lecture 25: AGN X-ray Continuum Components, AGN X-ray Spectral Features, Compton Reflection, Warm Absorbers, X-rays and the Unified AGN Model, Hot Intracluster Gas, Coma and Virgo Clusters
Audio recording (mp3)
Overhead 01 (pdf) - AGN X-ray spectral features seen pre-gratings and post-gratings
Overhead 02 (pdf) - AGN X-ray spectral features from active galaxy outflows
Overhead 03 (jpg) - Ionized absorption and a broad iron K line
Overhead 04 (gif) - X-ray spectrum of the Seyfert 2 galaxy NGC 4945
Overhead 05 (jpg) - XMM-Newton image of the Coma cluster
Overhead 06 (jpg) - Optical image of the Coma cluster
Overhead 07 (jpg) - ROSAT image of the Virgo cluster
Overhead 08 (jpg) - Optical image of the Virgo cluster
Link 01 - Review of ionized absorbers in active galaxies
Link 02 - Review of iron K lines made close to black holes
Link 03 - ROSAT images of clusters of galaxies
Link 04 - Chandra images of clusters of galaxies
Lecture 26: Metals in Hot Intracluster Gas, The Riddle of Cooling Flows, The Cosmic X-ray Background, Deep X-ray Surveys, Active Galaxy Evolution, Some Planned Future Missions
Audio recording (mp3)
Overhead 01 (jpg) - X-ray spectra of the Perseus and A1795 clusters
Overhead 02 (jpg) - X-ray spatial profiles of the A478 and Coma clusters
Overhead 03 (jpg) - Broad-band spectrum of the cosmic X-ray background
Overhead 04 (pdf) - Basic capabilities of Chandra and XMM-Newton for X-ray surveys
Overhead 05 (pdf) - Deep X-ray surveys with Chandra and XMM-Newton
Overhead 06 (pdf) - Nature of the X-ray sources found in deep X-ray surveys
Overhead 07 (pdf) - The Hubble Deep Field-North as seen by Chandra
Overhead 08 (pdf) - Evolution of active galaxy luminosity functions in the optical and X-ray
Overhead 09 (gif) - Some future prospects for X-ray surveys
Link 01 - Some recent results on cooling flows
Link 02 - Some further overheads on results from extragalactic X-ray surveys
Niel Brandt
(niel @ astro.psu.edu)
Niel's Astro 485 page